There are a number of different types of Editing Elements or systems that are available and even specific to certain model types that are used to aid in the creation of models. The ones listed below are currently supported or in the works for future support by the 'Model-editor in QuArK'. This section covers them and their use in detail.

Bones are used primarily for the animation, movement, of models in the same way that our bodies Skeleton bones are. The editor has one Skeleton folder where these bones are kept, if there are any. They can be applied to a single model Component, multipul components of a single model or components of another model that has been imported.

A complete bone is made up of two joints, one at each end of a bone. But each joint is given a bone name. So joint1 is called NewBone1 when it is created. I know that's a little confusing, but that's the way it commonly is. When a joint is connected to another joint, the first joint is the parent of the second joint. These can be displayed in one of two ways in the tree-view, either extracted (all bones under each other) or structured each parent bone tiers on down with all of its child bones inside it as a hierarchy. Doing a RMB click over the Skeleton folder or any one bone will bring up a menu that has functions to easily switch between these two ways of displaying the bones.

Even though a model may not come with its own bones, you can still create your own set of bones and store them in a QuArK Model .qkl Work File. To start adding bones simply do a RMB click in any view of the editor, which will bring up a menu, and then by going to the Bone Commands item which will cause the Bones menu to appear.

The use of bones is activated by clicking on a single frame of any component and either the Skeleton folder in the tree-view, if there are bones, or by opening that folder and clicking on any of the bones inside it. Once activated, all of this systems controlling functions are located on the Editor Views RMB menu for Bone Commands. Reading their brief descriptions will give you a quick understanding of each function. For a quick reference, hold your cursor over any menu item and press your F1 key for its help box that will also give you its use information. A Skeleton folder selection causes all attached bones to move together, while a single bone selection only moves that particular bone.

By selecting some vertexes in any of the editor's views and then placing your cursor over the center of a bone joint and doing a RMB click will bring up the bone menu with a function active to Assign those vertexes to that bone joint or Release them if they have already been assigned to that bone joint, this is detected and managed automatically by the editor.

Basic Applications :

The first step is to Add a Bone. To do this you must be in Vertex mode and not Linear Drag Handles mode as the bones will not be displayed. Then do a RMB click, in one of the editor's 2D views where you want to place the bone, to get the popup menu, go to Bone Commands then click on Add Bone Here.

By selecting a single component in the tree-view the bone joint handle of the new bone will be assigned to that component. Otherwise it will be assigned to the first component in the tree-view. Bone joints can be spread across different components within the editor if needed by assigning their vertexes to the same joint handle. When this is done a dropdown list on the Specifics page named comp list will display all of the components and the number of their vertexes that are assigned to that particular bone joint handle. By clicking on any one of the components in that list it will automatically jump to that particular component and select those assigned vertexes.

Each bone joint is a linear drag handle, where the connecting lines for attached bone joints, are the widest. All attached bone joint drag handles are where the lines meet in the middle. The middle of each handle is the center drag point, which does the lateral movements, and the single offset yellow oval handle is the corner drag handle, used to do rotation and scaling (Ctrl key) movements. When a bone is given a specific color, from the Specifics page, this oval will be filled with that color as well as the entire joint handle. This is used to help identify bone joints in close proximity.

The next set of bones show how you can Continue the bones by placing your cursor over the center point of a bone's drag handle, do a RMB click and select Continue Bones from the popup menu. This can be done with any bone at any time. You will also notice how these different menu functions will become active when they can be used properly.

The third set of bones show how to select and Assign a number of vertexes to a bone handle. First a single or multipal frames need to be selected, in the tree-view, then select a number of vertexes by doing a LMB drag in one of the editor's views over those vertexes. Now do a RMB click (or first hold the LMB button briefly for auto selection) on the center of the bone handle you want to assign those vertexes too, and select Assign / Release from the popup menu. The handle will automatically center itself on those vertexes. You can Set the Handle Position a couple of ways which is covered below, along with more about the built in Auto Selection Capabilities.

The last set of bones demonstrate a variety of features, capabilities and Specifics Settings of the bone system, see below.

Specifics Settings :
When a single bone, or a single bone and other component items are selected, a number of settings can be made for that bone on its Specifics/Args page shown to the right. If you also have a frame selected and you deselect the Skeleton folder or the bone it will automatically switch to the frame Specifics/ Args page. Reselecting a bone will switch it to that bone's page.

Icon Buttons :
The first button is used to display and select a specific Model Format from a dropdown list by clicking on where it says set model type.
This selection will put the editor into that particular model format mode, using any special features and functions that it may have.

The second button will display all help data for the currently selected model format type.

The third button is a toggle button, on or off, that when active changes your cursor to a paint brush that can then be used, by pressing your LMB, to pass over vertexes giving them a specific color. You can also do a LMB drag in any editor's view to select a group of vertexes and they will be assigned that same color. Changing the color is done on the frame Specifics/ Args page (see that page for more details).

The forth button, when clicked, will bring up the Vertex Weights Dialog that is used in conjunction with that system.

classname   : This shows the name of the bone which can be changed to any name you choose in the tree-view by pressing your F2 key. Once Enter is pressed to change the name, it will update the Specifics/Args page.

Bone Length   : A bone can be any length you desire by either dragging one of its handles in any of the editor's views or by giving it an exact length here.

comp list   : This is a dropdown list. The component's name currently showing is the component that was selected last. By clicking on the down arrow to the far right, it will cause all components that have vertexes assigned to that handle to be displayed along with the number of those component's vertexes that have been assigned. Clicking on one of those components in the list, that component will become selected along with the vertexes assigned to that handle. This is a read only value and can not be change by hand, only by component vertex assignment or release.

auto expand   : If check, when a component is clicked on in the above dropdown list the editor jumps to that component and will expand its Frames folder and select the first frame automatically along with the vertexes assigned to that bone handle.

parent   : This displays the name of the bone that this bone joint is attached to, if any. If the parent's name is changed, this will update automatically, keeping things in sync for the system to work properly. It is a read only specific.

color   : The color bar, when clicked on, will bring up a color selection window where you can choose any color you like for that bone handle. There is also an option on the Bone Options sub-menu called Match Bone Lines Color that, when checked, the bone lines color displayed during a drag will match the handle color being dragged. Any vertexes assigned to that handle will be displayed in that same color.

position   : This is the exact 3D position of a bones handle that gets updated at the end of each drag, or an exact position can be set here.

offset   : Sometimes a bone's handle can be in the way of other things or not set exactly where you want it. Here an offset 3D value can be entered, for x, y and z, to reposition that handle in relation to any vertexes assigned to it. Be advised that any rotation will be based on its offset position, which is the center point of that handle.

scale   : Here the size of a bone's handle can be set to make it bigger, to see other bone's handles attached to it, or smaller, as detail work so requires. These settings have no effect on rotation, since that is based on the center point of a handle.

Vertex Weight Colors : Some model formats use additional, more advanced, special display and movement systems.
These are Vertex Coloring, using different colors, and\or Vertex Weights, which is done by a numerical setting from 0 to 1.0.
See the section about 'Vertex Coloring and Weights' for specific details of their features and use.

use weight bone sel   : When checked, it puts bone selection into a special mode allowing you to add or remove bones to the selection without having to use the Ctrl key.

show weight colors   : When checked, if component has vertex weight coloring they will show. If NOT checked and it has bones with vetexes, those will show.

auto apply changes   : When checked, applies all bone weight settings for any currently or additional selected vertexes using the linear handle or applied by the paint brush.

(bone name) weight (value)   : The arrows are used to set a bone's vertex weight value. The total value of a single vertex MUST = 1.0 to be valid. Meaning if you have a particular vertex assigned to three different bones then all three of its values must add up to 1.0 no more no less. A value can also be entered by hand. A group of selected vertexes can be set to the same basic value and then changed individually on the Vertex Weights Dialog (see forth button above for access to that dialog).

(bone name) weight (color)   : This color corresponds to the above bone's vertex weight value. When the value changes the color changes and visa versa. So you can change the value by changing this color also. These colors are used as a guide to help see the different settings in the editor's views.

Special Features :

Auto Selection Capabilities :
There are a few criteria’s that need to be followed in order for bones to work properly, or at all, for a drag to take place. These are:

• Only a singe frame and the Skeleton Group folder can be selected, or
• Only a single frame and a single bone can be selected. If not, you will hear a bing sound to signify the problem.
• If a bone's handle has vertexes assigned to it, or an attached bone's handle does, a single frame must also be selected.
• If no vertexes have been assigned then a single frame selection is not required to move the bones around.

• Select any single frame, you can then select the Skeleton Group folder or any single bone without having to use your Ctrl key, that frame will remain selected.
• You can select another single frame and the Skeleton Group folder or single bone will remain selected.
• With a single frame selected, you can bounce from the Skeleton Group folder to any single bone, or from one bone to another without having to use your Ctrl key
• or you can bounce from frame to frame without having to use your Ctrl key.
• You can make single or multiple bone or frame relocation movements without having to deselect the other item type.
• To cancel this action, click on the Frames Group folder
• or any blank unused area in one of the editor's views or the model itself
• or select some other folder besides the Skeleton Group folder.

Key frames Movement : (not dependable at this time)
To activate this menu item you must have two single frames and the Skeleton Group folder selected. This is because those two frames will be used to spread the movement from the first frame to the second evenly over the frames that are between them. For example, you want to do a walking motion, the first frame has the arms and legs swung in one direction and the last, second, frame has them in the opposite positions. With a spread of about 10 frames you will create an animation of a fast walk, with a spread of 20 frames the motion would seem a bit slower. Be advised, the outcome may not always be what you expect and even though they can be reversed by using the Undo system that could still cause a crash of the program. So it is highly recommended that you always save your work before using this function.

Bone Lines & Vertex Colors :
When a bone's handles colors are set on its Specifics Settings page and the Bone Options sub-menu Match Bone Lines Color is check these line colors act as a guide to help distinguish which bone's handle is being dragged. They also work differently when the Skeleton Group folder is selected as opposed to a single bone.

When the Skeleton Group folder is selected all of the lines share the same color as the drag handle, all the way down line for any connected bones that are also being moved or rotated. Where as for a single bone, only its lines, matching the drag handle, and any connecting bone handles will display their respective handle color.

For any bone's that are using the default colors, those colors will be reverse when a drag is being made, also when a single bone or bones are selected those lines will become the default blue color, as long as there are no frames or other folders selected as well.

Any vertexes assigned to a bone handle will be displayed using that same handle's color. Releasing or re-assigning vertexes to another handle will change their display color respectively.

Bounding boxes, or bboxes, are fairly simple and straight forward. They are a box area that surrounds the entire model, or sections of it, for each animation frame of that model. Something like Bound Frames which is an old QuArK system that is not really used any more.

The existence of bboxes can be use for determining the collision or hit area of a model.

Method 1) can be done in a number of different ways in QuArK, the most basic is by giving just two vectors, each consisting of three values representing an x,y,z point in 3D space. One vector gives the minimum point and the other the maximum point. Using these two vectors a 3D box can be created that encloses the model for that frame. This is the method used by models with and without bones.

Two other methods, for models without bones, but may consist of one or more components, or sections, are:
Method 2) creating a list of vertexes for each bbox that will be used to surround them from frame to frame
Method 3) or creating a list of two distinct minimum and maximum vectors, as described above, for each individual frame.

Which ever method is used, the data is stored in the editor.ModelComponentList['bboxlist'] using different key names.
Method 1) uses editor.ModelComponentList['bboxlist'][bbox.name]['size']
Method 2) uses editor.ModelComponentList['bboxlist'][bbox.name]['vtx_list']
Method 3) uses editor.ModelComponentList['bboxlist'][bbox.name]['frames']

Bound frames are like Bounding Boxes but is an old QuArK system that is not really used any more. We only mention it here because sometimes you may see them when you open a Quake 3 .md3 model directly using QuArK. There is now a Model Importer that handles those much better.

In the editor, these are displayed as dark purple dots, or bright red if they are selected. One or more can be selected at the same time. RMB click over one to get its popup menu.

To add a new tag, select one component in the tree-view, do a RMB click in one of the editor's 2D views to get a popup menu and select Tag Commands > Add Tag Here. You can then rename the tag in the tree-view.

To delete a tag, do a RMB click over the tag in the tree-view or one of the editor's views to get its popup menu and select Delete this tag. do NOT use any other Delete menu item as they will not properly remove the tag and all its hidden data, causing problems.

Tags are primarily used for Quake 3 model files ( .md3 ). Their purpose is to link one .md3 model section to another .md3 model section. When all these sections have been imported to the editor, in their proper order, they can then be put together by the use of their tags to create a single complete model.

The process of putting these pieces together is done automatically by the plugins\ie_md3_import.py file when the final .md3 file is imported. For the most part, tags are used for the games player models that each person uses to represent them selves in the game. They are also used in the player's weapon .md3 models to attach the weapon to that model and any additional parts to the weapon.

Each player model consist of three parts or .md3 models. The head.md3, the lower.md3 and the upper.md3 in that order. All three are kept in a single folder with the name of that player model. The folder also contains other files pertaining to that specific model. They are:

• Other head, lower and upper lower poly versions of the model.
• Skin texture ( .tga ) image files.
• Skin definition ( .skin ) text files.
• Animation ( .cfg ) configuration text files.

The animation.cfg files are text files that can be edited, changed, in the QuArK Model Editor and, once saved, those animation sequence changes can immediately be viewed in the editor. This is covered in more detail in the Animation CFG section below. But first, a few more things about tags need to be covered.

Think of a tag as a folder. In each tag are its tag frames which correspond with the model's animation frames, one tagframe each.

A tagframe contains two pieces of data, its rotation matrix and its origin or x,y,z position in 3D space which you will see in its Specifics/Args-view. The position of the Tag can be changed by changing the three values shown there. It will also change all the other tagframes of that tag automatically by the same movement amount, because these must remain consistent or the model would come apart.

Tags can also be changed by placing your mouse cursor over one, holding down on your LMB and dragging the tag to its new position in any of the editor's views, updating its origin that you see in its Specifics/Args-view.

Animation CFG :
Like the .md3 files, tags have specific parts and specific names, they are:

• tag_head
• tag_weapon
• tag_torso

Tags
Below the tag's classname you will see two dropdown lists. By clicking their arrows they will display all the tags and components that belong to that model.

By clicking on one of those names in the list, it will jump you to that tag or component and select it.

AnimationCFG File
In this section you find four items dealing with the animation cfg file directly for editing, changing, it.

• cfg file - gives the full path to and name of that file.
• cfg lines - the number of lines to display in the edit section below, click the arrows to change it.
• edit cfg - opens the file in an external text editor for making changes.
• cfg text - displays the current text of that file. If changed, this will also change.

To save a hard copy of the cfg file click Save As in your external editor, name it animation.cfg and select a place to save it at. Later you can move that new file to the model's folder BUT be sure not to overwrite your original file with that same name.

Play list upper/lower
The next two sections deal with the animation sequences that the cfg file controls.
The upper section takes priority over the lower section. Meaning, if the name of the sequence starts with BOTH_ it will not let the sequence in the lower section to animate. Click the arrows to the right to select other sequences, even while running animation.

• first frame - of the cfg file, these are not the same numbers as shown in the editor's tree-view
• num frame - the number of frames it will play, animate, for that sequence.
• looping frames - the number of frames it will continue to play, loop over, again and again.
• CFG FPS - the frames per second speed to play that sequence at in the game.